Marginalized people of the Atlantic world Research Paper

Marginalized people of the Atlantic world - Research Paper Example First of all who are these marginalized people? Since, it is implied from its name that marginalized people are those who were living on margins or on edges. Yes, these are those people who are living on the lines of Atlantic coasts. These people adopted piracy as their only source of income due to many reasons such as racism, biasness, unemployment, unstable economic conditions, governmental ambitions, and many more. This paper discusses each of these reasons in fairly manner and in the justifies the role of pirates in an efficient manner. For years, pirates were the major cause of damage to the Atlantic world. Whatever it looks now, it is because pirates have done lots of destruction in that area. Their cruelties and inhuman activities last for almost thirteen years. It was all started in the end of 17th century and in the start of 18th century. Being accurate, it began in 1715 and ended up in 1728. It might not look a huge period to the listeners or readers but it was an era of ca lamities and disasters for all the victims around the Atlantic world. The piracy was so voguish in that epoch that in the history that time is termed as the Golden Age of Piracy. For pirates yes it was a very blissful and harmonious period of time when they achieved almost everything they aimed for. They gathered lots of gold, silver, and other treasures for them. They were very keen and focused towards their goal of being rich as early as possible. Therefore, they have adopted the shortest and illegal way to collect money for them. Now, let us explore what piracy truly is? And what were the major problems in the Atlantic history? In general terms, Piracy is an extremely criminal activity in which pirates plunder ships and communities around a certain area. The piracy executed in the Atlantic region is remembered even today and is considered as the most terrifying act of that eon. In that area, piracy was at its peak because there were lots of opportunities for this kind of inhuman activity. All the trade from the Europe to Africa went through this passage and pirates found it an excellent occasion for themselves. This trade between Europe and Africa has truly flourished piracy in its actual means. The pirates of that area were mostly belonged to Europe i.e. from Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, and so on. Few of them were from Africa i.e. France, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, and so on. I think that is enough of what piracy is? Now let us bend the discussion of the paper towards the other side of story and that is what made these pirates, actually pirate? And also, why those people preferred piracy as their occupation and rejected all other reputable vocations? Generally, being a common man we just comment on what happened and do not think about why this happened. Whereas there is a valid reason behind everything, that is why whenever we talk about a crime, we should keep in mind that there are few things that should not be overlooked while considerin g anyone a criminal. Firstly, what is the mental condition of the person who has committed the crime? Secondly, what crime has been committed and in what scenarios? And last but not the least, the location where the crime has been committed? Though laws for all sorts of crimes are there and it does not accept these things but as we are human beings, we can think the other way and thus we should keep in mind these things while coming to any decision regarding any person. There were many reasons for which people of the Atlantic world have chosen piracy as their profession instead of doing otherwise. The later part of this

Substitution Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substitution Industrialization - Essay Example Even though ISI led to the industrialization of Brazil where agriculture products dominated the economy, it has some bad effects also like increasing rates of inflation and debts. ISI did not resolve the balance of payments problems. On the other hand ISI marked the golden period of Brazilian economy from the years early 1950's and early 1960's. Promotion of other sectors also resulted from ISI such as steel, petrochemicals, fuels, automobiles, transport infrastructure and electricity. Portuguese were the first people to come to Brazil and discover its potential resources. The first attraction for them was the Brazil wood. This wood was exported by them to the European countries. However, the real breakthrough was the sugar cane production. Sugar was in high demand in Europe and an opportunity for the people to make huge profits out of its export. African slaves were used for the production of sugar. But unfortunately after a period of time sugar supply became far more than the demand due to excessive production in the Caribbean and hence prices declined significantly. In the nineteenth century, another important development in the Brazilian economy was the escalation of coffee exports. By the year 1929 coffee contributed to around 73% of the total exports. Tremendous growth of coffee exports led to the development of transport infrastructure like railways and ports. As the movements for the abolition of slavery gained momentum, the only other alternative for the employers was the free wage labour in form of immigrants from the extremely poor rural lands of European countries like Italy, Portugal and Spain. Millions of people immigrated to Brazil from Europe. Only few of them worked on plantations due to miserable conditions and others opted to move to the cities and set up their own workshops. On the other hand there was an overproduction of coffee in the country without many takers. Decline of coffee exports and the labour immigration from Europe formed the basis for the origin of industrialization. As a consequence of the Great Depression and t he Second World War there was an enormous fall off in the exports of coffee. Availability of the goods imported to Brazil also declined. As a result most of the products were needed to be produced in the country itself that led to forced import substitution industrialization. Financial crisis in the country led to the rise of populism on the political front. The newly elected president Getulio Vargas was backed by military. Landowners lost their monopoly and a centralized system was setup. The president being conscious about the present and future prospects of the coffee export trade concentrated the resources on the industrial development of the country. New policies and changes in support of the industries were formulated. Initial steps like providing the basic inputs, cultivation of energy sources and so on were taken by the administration. The period after the Second World War saw Brazil heading towards a growing and sound industrial foundation, the main sectors being food, textile, leather and wood. After the end of Vargas's reign, the new president Dutra opted for the free trade policy and the market opened to the US imports. Major part of the foreign exchange was lost in the import of luxury consumer

Primark Is Very Famous Retail Clothing Store Chain Marketing Essay

Primark Is Very Famous Retail Clothing Store Chain Marketing Essay I will highlight the basic components of strategic marketing and discuss how strategic planning process is vital and how much its important for making an effective marketing strategy. This assignment has been divided in to three learning outcomes. First learning outcome is about how marketing plan supports the strategic objectives of the organization. This learning outcome includes marketing planning process, how SWOT could be an effective tool and difference between marketing strategies and marketing planning. Second learning outcome is about the construction of marketing plans. This includes analysis of marketing mix how to produce marketing plan. Third and the last learning outcome are about how to promote the marketing plan in support of strategic objectives. Primark Primark is very famous retail clothing store chain, providing clothes to customer at reasonable and affordable prices. Primark is actually an Irish retailer of clothing with the numbers of stores in United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain. Primark has more than 170 stores in which 125 stores are located in all over United Kingdom, 35 stores in Ireland and round about 10 stores in Spain. The first Primark store was established in year 1969 in capital city of Ireland in Dublin by Arther Ryan with the collaboration with Micaela Mitchell. After achieving the first success, they open more stores in different business centres with in local and regional areas, which alternatively generate more profits. (Source: www.primark.co.uk) Now I would like to discuss the first learning outcome of my assignment that how marketing plan supports strategic objectives. I will first define both of them then focus on the vision and mission statements of Primark. The Marketing Concept The marketing concept emerged in the mid-1950s. Instead of a product-cantered, make-and-sell philosophy, business shifted to a customer-cantered, sense-and-respond philosophy. Instead of hunting, marketing is gardening. The job is not to find the right customers for your products, but the right products for your customers. The marketing is actually a tool to hold the key to achieve organizational mission and goals. In this way company become more effective than its competitors in the market for creating, delivering goods to the customers. (Source: MBA Career Program) Theodore Levitt of Harvard drew a contrast between selling and marketing concepts: Selling is the concept which only focuses on the needs of the seller; marketing is on the need of the buyer. Selling is actually a phenomena with sellers need to convert its product into cash; marketing is an idea of satisfying the need of the customer by mean of the product and the whole cluster of things associated with creating, delivering and finally consuming it. (Source: International Marketing Strategy, fifth edition) What is strategy and why it is important: A strategy is actually a plan of action which is designed to achieve the particular goals. Its consists of competitive moves and approaches used by the managers to run the company Management is concern with the following action plans their main aim is to Grow the business Please attract the customers Compete in the market successfully Conduct different operations Achieve targets of organizational performance Strategy involves in three questions and the answers of these three are on the basis of an organizations strategic planning these questions are Whats the present situation of the organization? Where does the organization need to go from here? How will the organization get there? The organizations answer to how it will get there is its strategy. Strategy and Competitive Advantage: Now days to survive in the market its very important to have competitive advantage over your competitors and rivals. Strategic planning helps us to get the competitive advantage so that organization can increase their market shares and earn more profits. A different and distinctive strategy thats helps and makes the company apart from their rivals and gives a company competitive advantage is a companys most reliable way to get the profit above average profits. Competing with competitive advantage is more beneficial than competing with no advantages Competing without competitive advantage result in low profitability. Vision of Primark: The mission of the management and the staff of Primark have been to supply quality and affordable product to the customers with a focus on new promotion. Mission Statement The Mission statement of Primark Company is to provide good and quality product to the customer relativity low as compare to the other retailers working in the market and with this stay competitive and should have a competitive edge with other clothing retailers in order to promote the culture of value for money. SMART Analysis: If we apply SMART analysis is accordance with the mission statement of Primark we can analyse the following Specific: Specific means that mission statement of Primark is specific in nature in terms of its objective. Measurable: The mission statement to some extent doesnt provide any time frame. Achievable: The targets of the organization are quite achievable. Realistic: Primark stores have adopted a realistic approach. Timely: to achieve the organizational goals Primark has no set any time framework. Importance of Marketing Planning at Business Product Level: The success of any business and any product which is launched in the market is depends on its Marketing Planning. For this reason I will focus on the importance of marketing planning for the business as well as the product. Let me discuss what is Product. Products: A product is something which is tangible in nature that can be touch or have a physical existence i.e. shape, size, colour dimensions etc, but this is a misleading concept in term of product definition because product can be intangible in nature as well like financial services provided by banks, services provided by the insurance companies to the customers etc. (International Marketing Analysis Strategy P-275) Now I would like to discuss the marketing planning process and analyse how this process is important for business and the products. Marketing Planning Process: Market plan is a document that has the details regarding the product or the actions which company takes. (Kotler et al. (2010). The different methods used by the management of the organizations in which they defines in details there current and future strategies, objectives and aims is called planning process. By this they can access the current and future trends of the markets and this evaluates the current and potential capabilities of the organization and an attempt to forecast the future in order to achieve its objectives. The international planning process allows the organizations to answer the below mentioned questions. What is the present state of the company now? Where does the company want to go? How will the company get there? An efficient marketing planning process consists of the following steps. Determining the objectives of the organization. Assessing and evaluating organizational resources. Evaluating the opportunities risks. An efficient Marketing strategy. Evaluating and implementing marketing plans. (Source Doole Lowe 2004) Explanation: As it is already mentioned in the stages of the marketing planning process, first step is to determine the organization goals and set the objectives of marketing plan. This is the stage where the organization decides that what need to do and how we gong to achieve that. Keeping in mind the objectives, organizational resources are assessed which include the financial condition of the organization, its people, technology used and production capability. SWOT Analysis: SWOT Analysis is considered to be the very useful tool now days. It is actually a strategic planning method or approach to evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of an organization. It involves in the project and business ventures as well. SWOT analysis consists of following Strengths: The characteristics of the organization or business thats gives an advantage to the company over its competitors or rivals. Weaknesses: The characteristics of the firm that have disadvantage to its competitors or rivals. Opportunities:  The opportunities are the external chances that make greater sales and can earn more profits. Threats:  Threats are also the external elements in the environment that cause trouble for the business. An  overall  plan  is based  on  the first  3  steps  of the SWOT analysis that will help the the  marketing  plan  a  major success  in the future. As I already mentioned marketing strategy gives us the answers for the following questions What is the present state of the company now? Where does the company want to go? How will the company get there? With the help of SWOT analysis we can analyse the company strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. At the same time we can use the tool of PEST analysis that helps us analyse the political, economic, social and technological analysis. It helps us describe the work of marketing plan of the company. Porters five forces model gives us the knowledge of the number of forces that affects the marketing strategy of an organization. Last phase is to apply and implement the marketing plan; on the basis of the analysis the organization chooses its targeted market by using market segmentation methodology. And in the end the combination of effective and right marketing mix can give an edge over its competitors and rivals. During the stage of the planning process, organizations give more importance to their External Environmental Forces that can or will affect the marketing process. PEST analysis plays a very important and vital role at this stage and this gives the organizations a thorough analysis of the products. Difference between Marketing Planning Strategy: Strategy of an organization actually defines the overall aims, objectives mission of the company. Every business/ organization has set their goals and objectives in order to gain the market share and earn more profits as compare to their competitors. As I already mentioned that strategy of the company provides the answers of the following questions; As mentioned earlier that strategy of the company provides answers for the following three key questions; What is the present state of the company now? Where does the company want to go? How will the company get there? On the basis of these 3 important questions, an organization or a business sets its targets and makes a proper plan of action to achieve their goals. Marketing Planning: The process of promoting the product or services of the company on the basis of over all strategy of the organization is called marketing planning. Marketing planning involves Situational Analysis, Internal External Analysis of the organization and on the basis of the above factors choosing a right kind of marketing mix to increase the market share and maximize the profit and getting company competitive advantage over the competitors and rivals in the market. Construction of a Marketing Plan: It is extremely important for the businesses to make a proper marketing plan when they promote their product. This should be done efficiently in order to gain competitive advantage over competitors in an effective manner so that the organization can make more profits. Now I would like to focus on the components of the marketing plan. In this phase I will highlight the importance of marketing mix which helps us while making a marketing planning. The efficient kind of marketing mix strategies always gives a company an advantage in the market place. Marketing Mix: Marketing mix is defined as a set of tools an organization may use to achieve its marketing goals. (Kotler, Managing Markets 2006, P-19) McCarthy divided marketing mix in to four groups, which are commonly knows as 4Ps Product Price Place Promotion An organization uses the all four factors of marketing mix to attracts and target their customers. A company can change its price and keep changes its promotion schemes in short run but it might take longer period for them to change their product or places. Most of the organizations working in the market use Price and Promotion as key factors to target the customer to earn profits. The above mentioned 4Ps helps and represents sellers view of the marketing tools in order to attract the buyers. (Kotler Managing Markets 2006, P-20) Some other authors include 7Ps as the complete version of marketing mix. The remaining three are as follows: People Processes Physical Evidence If we look on the marketing mix of the Primark then we can analyze the marketing strategy they adopted so that they attract numbers of customers. Marketing Mix of Primark: Primark is widely knows and popular as a clothes retailer which keep attracting the customer by their low price and good quality clothes. I will highlight the marketing approach Primark adopted to get the benefits as compare to their competitors. Product: Primark is a clothes retailer, it is producing good and quality product according to the need of the people for all range of ages. In this section I will discuss what products they are selling and what are the different features of their products from mens wear, ladies wear and childrens wear. Quality: Quality of the product of Primark is quiet reasonable as compare to their prices especially if we look on the other retailers in the high street market retailers. Designs: Primark keep introducing latest designs at their retails out lets. Primark targeted people of ages from 25 to 35. Primark keep providing latest designs in their retails outlets at reasonable prices. Brand Names: Primark has launched different types of brands in their retails outlets for their customers, which are quite popular. I am discussing few brands of Primark that has become a part and become a value for money business. Rebel Active CS Active Early Days (For babies) Young Dimensions Active Cedar wood State (For Gents) Atmosphere (Source: www.primark.co.uk) Packing Sizes: The product which Primark produces are good in quality and their packing is extremely good that people attract to their products. In these products ladies wear and gents dress shirts comes under good packing and in all sizes. Services, Warranties Returns: Primark is one of the company which is growing very rapidly and company core objective is to provide the best services to their customers. Each and every Primark store has a customer services department where trained customer representative staff help the customers to their concern are solve the problems of the customers on priority basis. At Primark the product that has been purchase by the customers can be exchanged or it can be even refunded within the prescribed 21 days time of the day of purchased date. Price: Primark as a retail company is focusing to provide good quality of products to the customer at the very reasonable prices. Primark is one of the retailers in the Europe where a customer has been targeted by the price of the products. Their marketing strategy most important aspect is value for money with the slogan Look good pay less Examples: Gents shirt prices starts from only  £2.00 Gents jeans pent can be purchased with in  £10.00 Gents formal suite can be purchased in  £40.00 Apart from all that above Primark keep on reducing the prices of the product from time to time and in this way company fulfilling their promise of Look Good Pay Less. Promotion: Like other retailers working in the region you cannot see many promotion schemes but Primark do make promotions schemes so that they can create more market share. But over all the promotion factor of Primark is bit low because they dont have online shopping facility for their customers. This online shopping has been neglected which shouldnt be neglected as this is a very important factor in now days. Like all the other companies in the region, Primark introduced Pennys Gift Card in all their stores in Ireland. This brings a lot of saving on shopping in the Primark outlets. Place: In marketing mix the 4th P is a very important as far as the clothes retailer concern. You will see Primark stores and outlets on all major and important high streets and shopping centres. Primark has also opened a shop at the famous Oxford Street in the Central London, this store at Oxford Street doing a very good business. The Primark store at Lakeside is also one of the busiest stores at Lakeside shopping centre. If we talk regarding the transportation point of view, all Primark stores and outlets are easy assessable to the general public through public transports as they are located at the very important and majors high streets and shopping centres, and this make Primark a value for money brand for the consumers in the recession period. People: This is also a very important factor of marketing mix and it is very significant as well. Marketing strategy should be made for the people who either are the end users of are the part of the organization for e.g. workers, management, consumers etc. this also defines the market segmentation and demographic segmentation. Processes: This process also plays a vital role because its gives an overview about the processes involved in the business. Like mechanism, procedure and flow of all the activities by which services are used. This also tells us the procedures that how product reach the end users. So its important that marketing process should be flexible to meet the needs of the businesses processes. Physical Evidence: The last 7P of marketing mix is physical evidence this mean that the marketing strategy should include effectively communicating their satisfaction to potential customers. Impact of Marketing Mix on the Management Decision Making: The importance of marketing mix is very important for every organizations business and marketing plans. Marketing mix is chosen after the very critical analysis of the forces that affects internal and external environment. In this way management can get the better idea about the strengths and weaknesses of the organizations. The potential business opportunities and threats are due to the presence of the different companies offering and doing the businesses by same sort of services and product. After the very careful and critical analysis of all the above factors the management of the companies make very good and fruitful decisions. An effective and correct Marketing Mix strategy will give the companies competitive edge over the competitors in this way they can produce more profits and maximise the market share of the company. Importance of Budgeting in Marketing Plan Financial forecasting is also very important and vital in over all running of the business unit. In case of marketing the funds availability is very important. On this basis the organization allocates resources and funds for an effective marketing plan so that they can produce more result in shape of success. Here the question arises that what should be the cost of the whole marketing campaign of the product or the business and how we can allocate the funds for that. Promotional budget normally determined by how much fund provided and how much percentage is available out of the revenue received from the sale of the brand.

The Good Earth :: essays research papers

In the critically acclaimed novel The Good Earth, Pearl S. Buck depicts a humble farmer and his obedient wife O-lan. The Nobel Prize winning classic, set in late eighteenth century China, begins with Wang Lung going to the "Great House of Hwang"(49) to collect the wife that was betrothed to him by his father. Wang Lung lived with his father, wife, and five children, one of whom is mentally retarded. Although Wang Lung supplied all the physical needs for his family and upheld all the family traditions, he showed a strong insensitivity through his extra marital affairs. The story continues to portray the trials and tribulations of their life in a time when a persons livelihood came from the earth. From the earth, Wang Lung receives wealth, food, and prosperity. The earth also brought him dispair through natural disasters, but the earth remained his sole source of innerpeace. Wang Lung was sometimes caring and sometimes insensitive, but he always followed tradition. Wang Lung was a caring and compassionate man with a strong sense of family and adaptation to simple life. For example, Wang Lung showed extreme respect and appreciation for his wife in a time when women were considered to be no more then slaves. In the early chapters of the novel when Wang Lung was poor, he gave O-lan four silver pieces so she may return to the House of Hwang in grand style. He also offered to pay five thousand silver pieces for her recovery after he discovered she had a "fire in her vitals"(170). He then spent the rest of her days by her death bed and bought her the best quality coffin. Furthermore, Wang Lung had a special relationship with his first daughter, Poor Fool, his mentally retarded offspring. Poor Fool did not speak and did nothing more Pagliei 2 then twiddle a piece of cloth in the sun. Although Wang Lung had servants and slaves, he personally took care of his daughter after O-lan died. He also yelled at his love Lotus when she called Poor Fool an idiot: Now I will not hear my children cursed, no and not by anyone...For he was most angry of all that Lotus dared to curse this child of his and call her idiot, and a load of fresh pain for the girl fell upon his heart, so that for a day and two days he would not go near Lotus, but he played with the children and he went into the town and he bought a circle of barley candy for his poor fool and he comforted himself with her baby pleasure in the sweet sticky stuff. The Good Earth :: essays research papers In the critically acclaimed novel The Good Earth, Pearl S. Buck depicts a humble farmer and his obedient wife O-lan. The Nobel Prize winning classic, set in late eighteenth century China, begins with Wang Lung going to the "Great House of Hwang"(49) to collect the wife that was betrothed to him by his father. Wang Lung lived with his father, wife, and five children, one of whom is mentally retarded. Although Wang Lung supplied all the physical needs for his family and upheld all the family traditions, he showed a strong insensitivity through his extra marital affairs. The story continues to portray the trials and tribulations of their life in a time when a persons livelihood came from the earth. From the earth, Wang Lung receives wealth, food, and prosperity. The earth also brought him dispair through natural disasters, but the earth remained his sole source of innerpeace. Wang Lung was sometimes caring and sometimes insensitive, but he always followed tradition. Wang Lung was a caring and compassionate man with a strong sense of family and adaptation to simple life. For example, Wang Lung showed extreme respect and appreciation for his wife in a time when women were considered to be no more then slaves. In the early chapters of the novel when Wang Lung was poor, he gave O-lan four silver pieces so she may return to the House of Hwang in grand style. He also offered to pay five thousand silver pieces for her recovery after he discovered she had a "fire in her vitals"(170). He then spent the rest of her days by her death bed and bought her the best quality coffin. Furthermore, Wang Lung had a special relationship with his first daughter, Poor Fool, his mentally retarded offspring. Poor Fool did not speak and did nothing more Pagliei 2 then twiddle a piece of cloth in the sun. Although Wang Lung had servants and slaves, he personally took care of his daughter after O-lan died. He also yelled at his love Lotus when she called Poor Fool an idiot: Now I will not hear my children cursed, no and not by anyone...For he was most angry of all that Lotus dared to curse this child of his and call her idiot, and a load of fresh pain for the girl fell upon his heart, so that for a day and two days he would not go near Lotus, but he played with the children and he went into the town and he bought a circle of barley candy for his poor fool and he comforted himself with her baby pleasure in the sweet sticky stuff.

Improving the process of target setting

Personalised larning alternatively of kids acquiring a one- size-fits-all schoolingPersonalised acquisition has come about as consequence of a response to an Ofsted Inspection that pointed to the demand to better the procedure of mark puting for scholars at an single degree. I was asked to fly one of 10 countries for this enterprise. The group I choose for the pilot was an E2E group ; unlike other E2E groups in the college who develop their accomplishments on entry to employment these pupils have both E2E lessons and their chief topic which is a flat 1 Diploma in Bricklaying, a one twelvemonth class. My job is this ; the group I am working with on this enterprise have makings below what is needed for our new Diploma degree 1 in bricklaying. So we have brought them in for an excess afternoon for completion of two makings, Entry to employment and a building Diploma. This I feel is stacking excess work on a group which would fight on merely one making, the Diploma. ( Appendix 1 entry for 8/1/09 ) I take this group on a Friday forenoon for 1 hr of group tutorial followed up with single tutorials. My Individualized acquisition session follows these. Each pupil will be timetabled for a slot of about half an hr I have found that this varies greatly with each pupil some have needed 1 hr ( appendix 4 entry for 2/2/09 ) others merely 20 proceedingss. During this session we will discourse their practical appraisal theoretical accounts which they will construct in the workshop and see the virtues of clip direction and building techniques of constructing these constructions. Upon completion they will so necessitate to critically measure how they have done and reflect on what they could make to accomplish a higher class on their following undertaking. This is a monumental undertaking for any of these pupils as for most pupils interrupting down a undertaking into manageable pieces and so reflecting how this could be achieved to a higher criterion is non necessary high on the docket of a 16 twelvemonth old. During my Sessionss with my scholars I found it peculiarly hard non to take over and give them excessively much advice this should be their larning curve non mine. I have found teaching pupils to reflect one of the most hard topics for them to acquire their caputs and mine. I have used different methods of contemplation from theoreticians to assist in develop their brooding accomplishments every bit good as mine. â€Å" it is non until an unsure state of affairs occurs a individual will believe about what it is they are making to do sense of the state of affairs † Moon ( 1999 ) Looked at how contemplation is linked to larning to include it as a procedure which restructures the manner the head thinks about issues to suit new larning or to upgrade old acquisition. Within Vocational instruction and the convergence between that of go toing college and that of pattern within the work topographic point. Analyse the manner in which your has been put together etc ( eg Comparisons between journals/diary/log ( eg Moon ) and comparing between possible different ways of showing the material-written, taped, drawings, maps, pictures ( eg Morgan, Buzan ) etc Journal Theorists over the old ages have defined diaries in different ways. Jennifer Moon has explored how journal authorship has many intents and will come in many signifiers. A diary can give a sense of ownership of acquisition, enhances larning through authorship and encourages metacognition. Metacognition is a word that appears many times. Professor Michael Martinez from Department of Education at the University of California says ‘ this definition will go more elaborate and complete as our understanding grows. Many instructors would depict Metacognition, rather tolerably, as â€Å" believing about thought. † But I would suggest a more precise definition: Metacognition is the monitoring and control of idea ‘ . ( Martinez, 2006 ) Flavell defines metacognition as ‘knowledge and knowledge about†¦ anything cognitive ‘ or ‘anything psychological ‘ ( Flavell, 2006 edition ) is this excessively general? Professor Michael Martinez I feel has descri bed this approximately right. The diary entries for this assignment have been used as a reminder to what has taken topographic point over the last term. Although they have non covered every scholar who has participated in this pilot it gives an over position of some of the troubles which have surfaced and a few suggestions should the pilot run the undermentioned twelvemonth. My return on a diary for the scholars to utilize while working on this pilot came in the signifier of a work battalion The work battalions provide a structured method of supervising advancement every bit good as assisting scholars to pull off their ain acquisition efficaciously, to raise assurance and to better their accomplishments through puting ends and SMART marks. Developed accomplishments of puting SMART action programs Targets have become smarter and scholars have become more motivated and marks have been achieved. More assurance in discoursing their strengths, accomplishments and personal marks. More successful in run intoing deadlines, organizing themselves and pull offing their ain acquisition. A Over all the pupils have become brooding in what they do Researching personalised acquisition helped me understand a little more into what I was really supposed to develop in this pilot â€Å" it is shown that the attack induces constructions on the appraisal jobs and larning objects, severally, that can function as a footing for an efficient adaptative appraisal of the scholars ‘ accomplishments, and for choosing individualized learning waies. † ( Heller, Steiner, Hockemeyer, & A ; Albert, January 1 ) What is brooding pattern? Debate the influence of theoreticians, eg: Dewey, Schon, Kolb, Mezirow, Habermas, Friere, Boud, Keogh etc.. ( Moon and Hillier have good mentions to these ) ( LO 1 ) Brooding pattern in simple footings is larning from experience, every instructor has done this. There are many different theoreticians who have given their ideas to reflective pattern. All have their ain consumption on how it should be done. As portion of any learning making this is now the needed acquisition. You as a instructor will analyze and debate the influence of theoretician and how they may outdo suit your demands when reflecting on a session you may good hold taught that twenty-four hours. The likes of Donald Schon who in the 1980s ‘ invented the term ‘Reflection -in -action ‘ to us, believing on the move this is when you would be reflecting while learning and accommodating you learning to possible tempers and state of affairss. This is something which has ever been carried out but had ne'er been defined. He thought instructors had in his footings become ‘technicians ‘ by this he was mentioning to instructors who carried out the undertaking of learning for administrations to cover instruction jobs which occurred. The teachers themselves had non queried their values to how they taught. Some of his positions ran aboard David Kolb who I feel was one of the chief subscribers to how contemplation is now perceived. A few old ages before Donald Schon came up with his theories John Dewey created a theory based on five strands of theory these were adapted by theoreticians Mezirow and Freire who were looking into how scholars could treat critical reflecting, they wondered if acquisition was a signifier of a rhythm wh ich would get down out as an experience developing into contemplation one time reflected upon leads to action and so becomes a concrete experience. The illustration they gave was a instructor has an brush with an angry pupil who failed an test. They labelled this as the experience. The contemplation was would be them seeking to explicate and do sense of the experience and comparison with other experiences, was it the same or was it a new experience.Talking to other instructors who may besides confront same state of affairss. This would so take to a class of action would so take to farther contemplation. Kolb subsequently refined this procedure of contemplation farther by dividing it into two activities, comprehending and treating followed by a concluding phase called â€Å" Abstract Conceptualization † In the Critical Reflection phase inquiries are asked about the experience in footings of old experiences, in the Abstract Conceptualization phase, we look to happen the replies. We come up with decisions and organize thoughts about experiences learned. From these thoughts came Experiential acquisition rhythm Which have been adapted by many theoreticians through the old ages? ( The Internet TESL Journal, 1997 ) Kolb in my eyes simplified the theories of Schon, Dewey Mezirow and Freire. Why I feel Kolb ‘s learning rhythm is used to great extent as a larning tool in instructor preparation classs. Stephen Brookfield breaks down contemplation into premises.Paradigmatic premises as the hardest of three to bring out. This relates to facts which we know to be true. Brookfield so says it would take a considerable sum of contrary grounds and disconfirming experiences to alter them, but one time changed the effects for our lives are explosive. The other two are normative and causal premises What are the features of a brooding practician? ( discuss checklist eg Hillier ) ( LO 1 ) In footings of analyzing the situation/theme you have identified, what theoretical account of brooding pattern have you found most utile? ( eg Ghaye and Ghaye, Brookfield, Peters, Burgess, etc etc Through my research it was proven that we as the instructors can merely help in the contemplation procedure, we can merely supply the construction or the stimulation to steer the scholar, it is up to learner to pull out their ain experiences and develop their ain ideas on how they may come on or better. The scholar can merely better if the scholar wants to do that attempt. Habermas said that he thought â€Å" self-reflection needed one portion of yourself to be split from the other in such a mode that the topic can be in a place to render assistance to itself. ( Habermas ) Although this seem a good remark at first, I would happen this peculiarly difficult to transport out, allow entirely a pupil with a naif attack to this construct. How could you divide yourself from the undertaking? The thought is to be able to self – reflect. A 2nd party is so needed, perchance the instructor would necessitate to step in to ease, is this non what we do? In my sentiment, a more realistic and manageable attack would be that of Stephen Brookfield Stephen Brookfield used a procedure known as the four critical reflective lenses. Unlike Habermas this brooding pattern is broken down into four countries all trusting on different state of affairss. Brookfield explains that the four countries are: Our car lifes as pupil and instructors The instructors looking at ourselves from the other side of the mirror, linking us to what the pupil would see. This would transport out through personal self- contemplation as Habermas had based his brooding pattern on. Using Personal reflective pattern you will go cognizant of matter-of-fact premises on how we teach. Brookfield so says that â€Å" self-reflection can a times be less painful than subjecting ourselves to the examination of others † , this I find really true being a private type of individual. Once we understand what this all means we can so travel on to the following phase. Our pupils ‘ eyes. This I used in my ain instruction idea I could see how pupils had perceived me by associating back to myself as an learner and my lector seeking to explicate to me how I had gone astray on a theoretical account, learning methods although different so still had the same immature pupils as of today, unsure and needing support. Although this was my reading on what I saw, my pupils had different thoughts acquiring to cognize the pupil is easier than acquiring their regard and trust. Without these two standards it is difficult to acquire any accurate feedback. In category if pupils look bored or have lost involvement attempt to travel on to a more interesting subject or present a practical activity Donald Schon describes this as contemplation in action. This has worked for me although non ideal for this E2E group. Groups such as 2nd or 3rd twelvemonth have fallen into the Brookfield class every bit Brookfield as predicted the longer you work with the group regard and trust can boom. Colleagues ‘ Experiences Peer observations giving feedback have been used during this pilot although non in this peculiar session but with this group. The feedback from co-workers ever welcome particularly from person who can give critical contemplation and advice. Theoretical literature this can sometimes assist us to gain what we thought were countries of possible bad or wrong instruction, but happen this is non ever the instance it can be down to possible state of affairs that we may hold been put into.Example Not hold the right resources for the occupation or perchance being chosen to learn a topic best suited to person with back land cognition and site experience. This is non to state that with experience this would non come. What are the advantages and defects of these theoretical accounts? ( LO2 ) What has your selected theoretical account of brooding pattern enabled you to see and gain? ( eg impact of state of affairs on colleagues/student perceptual experiences ref: Brookfield or function of the formalizing organic structure in this state of affairs ref: Ghaye and Ghaye, larning that has occurred ( Atkins and Murphy ) ( LO 2,4 ) What has aided or hindered your contemplation and brooding pattern? eg: your ain personality, characteristics of the environment in which you work, mentors/work shadowing/emotional involvement/ etc.. Moon, King and Kitchener, Boud etc ( LO 3 ) The category have struggled with the idea of holding to pass clip reflecting on what they have achieved in their practical Sessionss in the workshop. Development of reflecting has non come easy to many of the scholars. Many of the group happen it difficult to show themselves, either through authorship or verbal communicating. The group happen it difficult to concentrate for more than 20 proceedingss at a clip. So interrupting the Sessionss down to smaller Sessionss meant that we did n't acquire to a sufficient phase to reflect on anything. Barriers to the pilot Some scholars were negative to the idea of taking on excess work on top of the E2E and Diploma, although this pilot was non explained to the group as excess work in any manner. I have besides found many of the staff to be in a negative mentality when seeking to discourse the result of such a undertaking. This in bend has meant I have had to travel to other sections in the college those of which are besides transporting out other countries of the pilot to discourse this. The individualized work battalion developed for this pilot has had many alterations ; this is due to the practical theoretical accounts and strategy of larning altering about once a term. This so alters the practical theoretical accounts list. The pupils find this off seting and in some instances put the contemplation back a phase or two, as the scholar thinks they are come oning merely to happen the work burden go oning. Foils to the pilot The foils are at that place to equilibrate out the barriers and there are several co-workers that I have that want to see this pilot win. The caput of School has been behind the pilot and has been a cardinal protagonist in the backup of this. He has spoken in deepness to different caputs of school to assist happen the resources to help with the development of this, using the aid of other members of staff in other sections, enabling the group to hold the right schoolroom to work from and to associate both our practical and personalised learning Sessionss. Another foil has been that some scholars have now developed an understanding why contemplation is needed to assist better their result and development. What is the following measure in footings of the results of your contemplation, ( eg: Kolb, Mc Niff Action Research, Schon/your PDP/training ) My following measure to developing this is†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. What will you make to set the benefits of this contemplation into pattern ( eg course of study devt-Race, Gibbs/curriculum direction: Preedy, Levacic, Lumby, /Team building-Handy/ partnership Huxham, Childs/ motive etc etc ( LO 5 ) And in footings of your brooding capablenesss: ( eg: continue to mention to theoretical accounts of brooding practice/ mentor/critical friends/action research/team meetings/ Moon ( LO 5 ) PS usage as many mentions in the reader as possible

Pakistan’s War on Terror Up to and Beyond 2014

While Pakistan continues to be a frontline state in the global war on terror, it is simultaneously fighting domestic terrorism in a war that will seemingly continue well beyond 2014. In recent months, terror attacks targeting the Shia Hazara minority in Baluchistan indicate a transformation of the terror problem in Pakistan. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi present two different sides of Pakistan’s terrorism problem, however, the two organizations have increasingly converged operationally to the extent that Pakistan cannot eliminate one without simultaneously confronting the other. BACKGROUND: The September 11 terrorist attacks on the U. S. in which thousands of innocent lives were lost led Pakistan to join the U. S. -led global war against international terrorism in which Pakistan has over the years made an invaluable contribution. However, with the passage of time, Washington increasingly came to view Islamabad as part of the problem rather than the solution. Most U. S. and European policy makers believe that Pakistan is providing a safe haven for the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. Western media is full of stories about a presence of the Taliban leadership in Pakistan, including of Mullah Omar’s alleged base in Quetta. Since the summer of 2008, U. S. military and intelligence agencies are sharing minimal intelligence with its Pakistani counterparts, instead focusing on drone attacks against suspected terrorist movements and hideouts. Pakistan is a signatory to the UN’s Palermo Convention. At the regional level, Pakistan has signed and ratified SAARC Regional Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism and the SAARC Convention on Narcotic Drugs Substances and the ECO Protocol against drugs. It has extradition treaties with 29 countries and bilateral agreements or MOUs on terrorism with 50 countries. Pakistan has played a major role in eliminating a number of terror networks such as the Al-Qaeda Anthrax network, the Alghuraba network, the UK-based Anglo-Pakistani group and Jundullah. Prominent targets captured include Khalid Sheikh Muhammad, Abu Alfaraj Alibi, Al Shib, Abu Zubaida, Abu Talha, Khalid bin Attash or Walid bin Attish, Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani, Mohammad Naeem Noor Khan, Abu Laith al-Libi, Hasan Bana, Hamza Rabbi, Sharif Al Masri, Abu Mushab Masri, Jaffar Uttayyar Alkashmiri Yassir Al-Jaziri, and Abdul Rehman Al-Masri. Umar Patek was arrested in Abbottabad by Pakistani forces and may have provided important leads to Osama bin Laden’s whereabouts. Since 9/11, Pakistan has also become a victim of terrorism. The direct and indirect cost suffered by Islamabad in the war on terror has been around US$ 35 billion. There has been a constant increase in the number of terror attacks in Pakistan since 9/11 and a number of prominent Pakistanis have lost their lives in such attacks. These include the two-time Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and the former head of the Pakistan Army’s Special Service Group, Maj. Gen. (Rtd) Ameer Faisal Alvi. Most of the jihadists in Pakistan, especially the splinter groups of various organizations, are now operating under the umbrella of TTP, a Deobandi Sunni organization established in December 2007. TTP’s objectives include cleansing Pakistan of foreign, meaning the U. S. and overall Western, presence, implementing Sharia and establishing a Caliphate. Over the years, TTP has been involved in a number of suicide bombings, rocket attacks, remote controlled bombs, abductions, and beheadings. It has widened its area of operations beyond Pakistan’s tribal areas and targeted a number of government installations and organizations in the mainland, including the Federal Investigation Agency’s Lahore office, the Naval War College in Lahore, the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, the Wah ordinance Factory, the Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore, a police training school, the GHQ Rawalpindi and the Navy’s Mehran base in Karachi. It is also involved in kidnapping for ransom, bank robberies, forced taxes and drug trade. IMPLICATIONS: Since 9/11, the TTP has increasingly converged with the staunchly anti-Shia militant group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi. A number of prominent TTP operations were conducted by known Lashkar-e-Jhangvi operatives. In recent months, the Hazaras in Baluchistan are increasingly becoming a prime target of the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi. Both TTP and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi consider Shias kafirs (infidels) and hence legitimate targets. Terrorist activities showed no sign of receding in 2012, indicating that after more than a decade of fighting terror, Pakistan is nowhere close to the finishing line in this war and the problem is taking an even uglier shape. According to various sources, Pakistan suffered more than 6000 casualties in different terror attacks in 2012. More than 450 terror attacks were recorded in 2012 in which at least 39 were confirmed suicide attacks. Another important development in 2012 was the increasing operational alliance between the TTP and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, although the two groups have cooperated with each other also in the past, the group led by Amjad Farooqi in 2003-2004 being a case in point. However, in 2012 the two groups largely converged operationally in the sense that they declared a war against Shias. This convergence has resulted in the worst attacks to date against Shias, especially the Hazaras in Baluchistan. In 2012, Shias were targeted in 113 attacks in which 396 people lost their lives, indicating the increasingly sectarian features of Pakistan’s terrorism problem. So far, more than a thousand terror-related deaths have occurred in 2013. Apart from a closer alliance emerging between TTP and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, TTP has also established Ansar Al-Aseerian (Helpers of the prisoners) in partnership with the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. According to media reports, Adnan Rasheed has been appointed the head of this group. The purpose of this group is to free all militants held in custody by Pakistani security forces and in various jails. TTP is also attempting to expand its activities and area of influence to Karachi, Pakistan’s major financial hub. Karachi, which is also considered to be Pakistan’s major Pashtun center, has been a preferred hideout for TTP, while some TTP and other jihadi activists have received medical treatment in Karachi. 2013 also witnessed two developments that will have long lasting effect on Pakistan’s war against terrorism. Firstly, Pakistan’s national Assembly unanimously passed the National Counter Terrorism Authority Bill 2013 on March 8, 2013. The establishment of a National Counter Terrorism Authority (NCTA) will play an important role in the efforts to combat terrorism. According to the mandate given to NCTA, it will â€Å"coordinate counter terrorism and counter extremism efforts in view of the nature and magnitude of the terrorist threat; and to present strategic policy options to the government for consideration/implementation by the stakeholders after scientifically studying the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism in historic and professional perspective. † Secondly, Pakistan’s army is taking a tougher stance and increasing its attention to the terrorism problem, as indicated by the decision of Pakistan’s army chief to treat the problem of terrorism as an operational priority. 013 is also an election year in Pakistan, with national and provincial elections scheduled for May 11, 2013. TTP has already targeted a number of political events in Khyber Paktunkhwa and especially the Awami National Party’s election campaign. The political party or parties that will form the next government will not only inherit a crisis in the energy and financial sectors but will also have to make hard decisions about the country’s war against terror. CONCLUSIONS: Developments in Pakistan suggest that the country’s terror problem will only increase in the lead-up to 2014 and Pakistan will have to fight its war on terror well beyond 2014, if concrete and decisive steps against TTP and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi are not taken. Both organizations want Pakistan to be a Sunni state and are increasingly targeting Shias. The Pakistani people and armed forces have paid a huge price in people and material in this ongoing war. Unless Pakistan addresses the root causes of the problem, it will not only persist but also get worse.

The book The Client by John Grisham meets the expe Essays

The book The Client by John Grisham meets the expe Essays The book The Client by John Grisham meets the expectation of a typical thriller book because it embodies the conventions that thriller readers expect. Grisham's use of enigmas, extravagant crime events, antagonists and protagonists, cliff-hangers and a climax that lands the central characters in danger endorses the thriller genre by meeting all of our thriller expectations! 15189205715 " Engaged me to the point w here there was little time when the book was not in my hands. "020000 " E ngaged me to the point w here there was little time when the book was not in my hands. "Protagonists can be identified in central characters. Mark Sway for example, he is the focal "goodie" in the novel. This idea is developed right from the beginning with him being labelled as a victim of domestic abuse, this persona of a victim is advanced throughout the book through events such as him being held by "The fat...[suicidal]lawyer..." (p.15) where he was almost killed followed by the overwhelming and intrusive publicity and the constant stalking and death threats from the mafia. Reggie Love on the other hand is painted as more of an anti-hero with her alcohol abused past that tarnishes her reputation initially but is redeemed by her charitable and maternal actions towards Mark and his family such as her one-dollar service fee. To make it that bit more obvious that Reggie is in fact a "goodie" her last name is Love surely that was put there for a reason! Some Characters throughout the novel are even portrayed to make the other characters look a certain way. Ricky Sway is portrayed as a symbol of innocence through the few extracts that he appears in. He was terrified when Jerome Clifford pulled up and tried to kill himself and his brother Mark, and was scared to the point he fell into a comma. His character makes Mark look extremely brave as he is too a child and experienced the same if not more than Ricky did and he, although slightly shaken-up, was in almost perfect physical shape. This technique can also be identified when comparing Reggie Love and Dianne Sway. Both can be identified as maternal figures yet Dianne makes Reggie look like a more stable figure, with her history of domestic abuse, residents in a trailer park, her unstable employment and her addiction to smoking. Antagonists such as Jerome "Romey" Clifford and Barry "the Blade" Mudano alternatively represent the "evil" in the book. Romey displays pure selfishness and insanity by attempting to force Mark to die with him. Barry the Blade conversely shows your typical nasty gang member who doesn't take responsibility for his actions. As a devoted thriller fan the uses of significant events such as the suicide of Romey Clifford and the suspenseful journey to find the body of the late senator which landing Reggie and Mark as fugitives, engaged me to the point where there was little time when the book was not in my hands. The book began with events that seemed like 2 young boys just trying to act older than their age, to the suicide of a lawyer followed by an investigation which lands Mark in the middle of it all which leads to the Mafia threatening the young boy driving him to achieve justice without the authorities recruiting Reggie as his trusty side-kick. The chronological order of the book takes the reader on an "emotional rollercoaster" by displaying exactly what Mark was feeling thought these events. Some of these emotions were quit blatantly exposed such as when Mark was in the car with Romey, "Mark was crying. "Please let me out of here," he said, lip quivering, voice cracking." (p.16) claims like this clearing demonstrate that Mark was frightened and upset. However, in other segments more subtle approaches are taken in order to display his feelings for example the when Mark and Reggie found out that they were being stalked Marks un-easy slightly worried emotions where exposed when Grisham de scribed his breakfast experience, "holding a muffin but not eating it, just staring blankly at the floor[whilst]Doreen watched every move. "Are you okay, sweetheart?" she asked him. Mark nodded slowly, "Oh I'm fine," he said in a

Analysis of Character in “Young Goodman Brown” Research Paper Example

Analysis of Character in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Research Paper Example Analysis of Character in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Paper Analysis of Character in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Paper In Nathaniel Hawthornes short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the title character is a man who sets out on a mysterious journey into the woods and unknowingly ends up discovering a truth about himself that he cannot reconcile. At the beginning of the story, a newly-married Goodman Brown bids his young wife, Faith, goodbye and sets out on his journey to meet â€Å"a grave and decently attired† elderly man. While at first reluctant to keep on his journey, Goodman Brown allows himself to be persuaded by the elderly man to continue deeper into the forest. Once they reach their destination, Young Goodman Brown is shaken by the discovery that he is at a Black Mass, that most of the townspeople, including his wife are there and that his elderly companion is actually the Devil. Realizing that Faith is about to pledge herself to the Devil, Goodman Brown cries out in dismay. Suddenly, he finds himself standing alone in the forest, unsure if what he â€Å"witnessed† was real or a dream. Unable to cope with the discovery from his journey that all men, including himself, have the capacity for evil, Young Goodman Brown changes from a confident, religious and trusting man to one ruled by disillusionment, suspicion and fear. In the beginning of the story, Goodman Brown is confident and trusting in what he sets out on his journey, reassuring Faith that he must go and that everything will be okay. As he walks through town, his confidence and intent falters when he spies Faith watching worriedly from a distance. He shakes off his doubts, making the excuse that even though she would not approve of his reason for his journey, it will be just this one time and after that her goodness will rescue him from evil. He starts down the dark road into the forest and he meets an older man, who looks somewhat like himself. As they converse, the man makes Goodman Brown feel uneasy about what he is doing. Goodman Brown travels down the path accompanied by the man and is told that his father and his grandfather before him have both walked this same path. This makes him feel extremely uneasy about the journey. His doubts grow as he meets an old woman, who he has seen before in town, and she converses with the older man about witchcraft and the devil for a short moment. Later on, he becomes distraught after he sees his wifes ribbon flutter to him, indicating that she was taken. When he reaches the Black Mass, he sees the people from town there including his wife who is to be inducted with him, and it is this that changes him to become suspicious and paranoid. When Goodman Brown finds himself standing alone in the forest, he cannot figure out if what he’d just witnessed was real or a dream. When he returns to town the next morning, he cannot see the town or the people in it the same way he did before his journey. After seeing what he saw of others during his journey, he is a sad and distrustful man always wondering about other people’s true motives. Now, he looks at Faith, not with joy and love, but with suspicion and condemnation. His determination to avoid evil, doesn’t allow him to appreciate the good he has in his life. When Goodman Brown dies years later, a bitter old man with numerous family members and friends in attendance at his funeral, no one can think of one good thing about him to put on his tombstone. In this story, Goodman Brown starts out trusting and confident, but ends up fearful and suspicious when he discovers that all men, including himself, have the capacity for evil. His loss of faith in himself to overcome this evil, turns him bitter unable to truly love his wife and to see the good in life. In the end, his attempts to keep away from evil by silently condemning everyone around him, he ends up seen by everyone else as a sad man without hope.

How Oobleck Works

How Oobleck Works Oobleck gets its name from the Dr. Seuss book called  Bartholomew and the Oobleck, because, well, oobleck is funny and strange.  Oobleck is a special type of slime with properties of both liquids and solids. If you squeeze it, it feels solid, yet if you relax your grip, it flows through your fingers. If you run across a pool of it, it supports your weight, but if you stop in the middle, youll sink like its quicksand.  Do you know how oobleck works? Non-Newtonian Fluids Oobleck is an example of a non-Newtonian fluid. A Newtonian fluid is one which maintains constant viscosity at any given temperature. Viscosity, in turn, is the property that allows liquids to flow. A non-Newtonian fluid does not have a constant viscosity. In the case of oobleck, viscosity increases when you agitate the slime or apply pressure. Why? Oobleck is a suspension of starch in water. The starch grains remain intact rather than dissolving, which is the key to the slimes interesting properties. When a sudden force is applied to oobleck, the starch grains rub against each other and lock into position. The phenomenon is called shear thickening and it basically means particles in a dense suspension resist further compression in the direction of shear. When oobleck is at rest, the high surface tension of water causes water droplets to surround the starch granules. Water acts as a liquid cushion or lubricant, allowing the grains to flow freely. Sudden force pushes the water out of the suspension and jams the starch grains against each other.

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question Assignment - 4

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question - Assignment Example As an example for the second item, if the highest budget value was $154967 while the required budget for next year is less than that, this is a slack. The third item will create a budgetary slack because more money will be used to correct the situation. If $5400 gave the poor results, more dollars will be needed next year. Including depreciation value in the purchase budget will increase cost slightly: this is a slack too. For example if equipment costs $392 today while its charge is $8, the budgeted cost then becomes $400. Inflation rate and fixed cost to the estimates of purchase will slight relax the budget: for example budgeting with $450 for a facility that costs $400 today. Lastly, new employees require higher cost to make labor efficient. Using this cost for approximation of labor efficiency would create a slack. An example would be budgeting for an average $211 for labor efficiency of new employees while only about $110 dollars would be used for the same. I believe Bailey can justify the built-in budgetary slack to the company. The manager may need to explain would benefit the company like preventing frequent returns to the budgeting table or frequent withdrawal of projects. I would suggest for Bailey to improve the company’s budgeting by use of automated systems such as excel spreadsheets for budgeting and driver-based metrics (Hartgraves & Morse, 2015). In addition, honesty between departments and management should be maintained so that none is taken for a

Journal Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Journal Entry - Essay Example These and many other issues have made it necessary that all stakeholders in the nursing fraternity should seek to be active when it comes to developing health regulations and policies. This is contrary to the existing scenario in which government policy makers and not healthcare professionals are developing them. With the increasing complex landscape of patient care, it is the role of the nurses and nurse leaders to devise measures of providing the required care. This is because nurses are the healthcare professionals who execute all the roles required to foster faster and better recovery of patients. Additionally, they spend the most time beside patients’ beds. One of the major ways of addressing this is by implementing the all-round foci as taught in nursing school that range from preventive care, patient communication, improving efficiency, cost containment, and more importantly preventing relapse and costly returns to healthcare institutions by the patients. In a nutshell, the nurse can only be able to implement such if they become active in developing health policies and regulations since they understand the patients’ needs and welfare than do the federal and state bodies. The landscape of patient care is expanding and varying rapidly, and efficient strategies such those m entioned can only be identified and customized for the good of patients if healthcare professionals are allowed the necessary support and freedom. Nurses should take up the challenge of being politically active because it is a sacrifice required to bring a better healthcare system into existence. Political skills are required in addition to energy, time, will, and resources of power. One way to become politically active is by providing first-person perspectives on matters healthcare by highlighting the impacts that certain regulations, bills, or decisions are bound to affect the healthcare fraternity. This includes patients and

U.S. foreign policy in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. foreign policy in Iraq - Essay Example The expression â€Å"the first casualty of war is the truth† would probably be appropriately applied to all of the wars between nations throughout the entire history of warfare. The Iraq war will always be branded as the only war that was based completely on lies.The truth died several deaths prior to the human deaths that occurred due to the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq (March 2003 – August, 2010). As the war progressed following the 2003 invasion, the American public progressively lost confidence in the Bush administration’s war policy as they grew to understand more and more what the majority of the rest of the world had realized since the first nights bombing of Baghdad. The war is undeniably illegal as defined by the United Nations (UN) and International Court of Justice (ICJ), the two most paramount legal bodies in the world. Iraq had no link to terrorism, no weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and no legal rationale to attack. Despite this, Bush dec ided to invade the Republic of Iraq for causes deemed objectionable to the majority of other countries so he frequently relied on and utilized false information to rationalize it. He lied. This discussion will examine how the truth was a casualty early and often during the lead up to the war and outlines some of the consequences brought about by these far-reaching and deadly deceptions. Bush voiced his disagreement to the concept of ‘nation building’ during the 2000 presidential election debates but as president waged an undeclared war against a sovereign country that had neither attacked first nor threatened to. Immediately following and as a reactionary reply to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Bush stated the county’s intention to begin a ‘War on Terrorism’ which he portrayed as a protracted battle against those that would use terrorist actions in addition to the countries that enabled them. The eventual culmination of the selective le gal reasoning and rhetoric concerning the ‘War on Terror’ was Bush’s order of the military to invade both Afghanistan and Iraq, an illegal action on many fronts. Bush had constantly claimed that these actions were legal. First, he argued, due to language existing within the UN Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding Iraq and secondly, the invasions were an act of self-defense which is permitted by international law. Conversely, according to Richard Perle, advisor to U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and official of the U.S. Defense Policy Board, â€Å"international law ... would have required us to leave Saddam Hussein alone.† (Burkeman & Borger, 2003). However, this option would have been â€Å"morally unacceptable† according to the Bush administration. Bush chose to solicit then followed the advice of biased, self serving legal opinion from a low-level Justice Dept. employee despite strong disagreement by higher level personnel within the Dept. in addition to and the U.S. State Department which cautioned against ignoring international law and U.N. laws in addition to covenants of the Geneva Convention. The Bush administration was determined in its careless use of military force and disregard for laws established to by the world’s community of nations. The initial foreign incursion of the U.S. military along with the ‘coalition of the willing’ in its ‘War on Terror’ was Afghanistan, more specifically the Taliban terrorist faction based in that country. The U.S. claimed to possess ‘clear and compelling evidence,’ that the State of Afghanistan was giving refuge to terrorists, as did Iraq. However, if this assertion were true, why then didn’t the Bush administration divulge this information to the UN Security Council so as to obtain legal grounds to invade? The U.S. defended its invasion and occupation of Iraq to the countries of the world by announce, if not substanti ating, that it was a undertaking to remove WMD which endangered not only the U.S. but all other countries as

The American Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The American Revolution - Research Paper Example The colonies of America rejected the power of the parliament of Britain to govern them abroad without any form of representation and then barred all royal officials. By 1774 each colony in America had created a provincial congress to govern or rule itself but still constrained within the empire. The Great Britain instead of engaging in diplomacy, it responded sending its troops to re-establish and re-impose direct rule. As a reaction to the British response, the American colonies through second continental congress joined together to defend their self governance and manage against the armed conflict with the British rule. In addition, the States vowed that the British Empire via acts of anarchy had no power to claim their allegiance. Additionally, the American Revolution was as a consequence of series of intellectual, political and social transformations in ancient American society and government. The Americans were against the oligarchies that characterized European societies at tha t time instead calling for development of republicanism based on enlightenment comprehension of liberalism. The American Revolution was facilitated by a number of notions and events that merged and led to social and political separation of colonial possessions from home nation and combining those of former individual colonies to create an independent nation (Bilven 66-8). The American Revolution started in 1763 after the British military recorded a series of victories during the French and Indian war that led to an end of the French military might that was initially a threat to the British North American colonies. The colonial separation for England was the primary cause of the American Revolution evolved and rapidly grew as a smoldering flame of anger beginning with taxes imposed by Britain on thirteen colonies devoid of representation. This was necessitated by the Stamp Act of 1765. Britain enacted some policies that aimed to collect taxes from the American colonies. For instance, the Britons adopted the policy that directed all colonies under British rule to pay larger amount of costs linked with keeping them in the empire. Britain unfair practice of imposing direct taxes on American colonies in order to pay or defray its past European wars led in eventual separation form mother country. This was also followed by other policies that aimed to manifest British might, all which proved meaningless, unworthy and unpopular in America. The main reason why these ideas and policies were unpopular in America was that the colonies laced elected representatives in the ruling Britain parliament, thus leading many colonists consider the policies as a violation of human rights and illegitimate. In 1772, some colonists started to create communities which would be used for their own provincial congresses governance. Two years later, the provincial congresses in most colonies rejected the British parliament and hence effectively replaced the British ruling machines in former colonies. When the Britons reacted by sending troops to impose direct rule, the local representatives in these colonies started to mobilize and coordinate militias. The revolutionaries set up the second continental congress

Comparison of the Scientific Philosophies of Kuhn, Duhen and Lauden Essay

Comparison of the Scientific Philosophies of Kuhn, Duhen and Lauden - Essay Example Therefore, his philosophy will be examined first. Duhem posits that â€Å"hypotheses are not straightforwardly refuted by experiment and that there are no crucial experiments in science.† (Wikipedia, 10/19/11) This means that a hypothesis cannot be directly disproved by being part of an experiment. There are several possible reasons which support this theory. First, Duhem works on the presumption that experiments are conducted by humans, who are fallible. Therefore, the results they produce will not be perfect. This means that experiments in science are inherently flawed, which devalues the results of said experiments. Duhem would go on to set the stage for the theories of Kuhn and Lauden, because Duhem presents the idea that hypothesis, experiment, and fact are not inextricably linked. Kuhn and Lauden dig deeper to consider the reasons why. Thomas Kuhn makes the point that â€Å"science has included bodies of belief quite incompatible with the ones we hold today.† (Kuh n, 238) The premise here is that one generation’s science is another generation’s bunk. Certainly, history is full of examples of past beliefs which have fallen out of fashion with the advent of scientific knowledge and the technology which helps to uncover it. For example, scientific beliefs since the time of the Egyptians have changed irrevocably over the centuries, but Kuhn’s point is that at the time those discoveries were made, they were the newest (and therefore most valid) sources of scientific information. Kuhn further posits that what scientists and scientific historians should be concerning themselves with is to â€Å"ask new sorts of questions and to trace different, and often less than cumulative, developmental lines for the sciences. Rather than seeking the permanent contributions of an older science to our present vantage, they [should] attempt to display the historical integrity of that science in its own time.† (Kuhn, 238) By contrast, Lar ry Laudan challenges us to re-consider the entire purpose of science. He believes it is â€Å"to ask†¦whether science through time brings us closer to achieving our cognitive aims or goals.† (Laudan, 145) Does scientific knowledge bring us closer to those? Laudan presents a valuable point, which is that â€Å"principals of testing, comparison, and evaluation of theories seem to vary significantly from level to level.† (Laudan, 144) This seems to say that there are a number of variables present which cannot be reconciled from level to level or from scientist to scientist. These variables can manifest themselves as simply as the fact that all people interpret results slightly differently. Take, for example, a doctor who views a patient’s X-ray on which there is evidence of carcinoma. A general practitioner would have a different interpretation of this than would a pulmonary specialist. They both see cancer, but only the pulmonary physician can properly assess which treatments would be most appropriate in attempting to eradicate the cancer. Now, suppose the patient can only afford to see his general practitioner because that is all his insurance will pay for – he never gets to see the lung specialist, and is relying entirely on the scientific opinion of only one scientist to assess his chances of survival. This is only one example of the flaw in scientific method: suppose the pulmonary physician was more well-read on the latest techniques of eradicating lung carcinoma, and the general

Old english language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Old english language - Essay Example To begin with, the role of language in one's life is one that fulfils the need to belong. (Crystal, 2005) This sense of belonging springs from one's immediate environment where there is focus on the language one speaks along with complementary elements like accent, nuances and other such features that form the general social and cultural terrain of the particular place. Language offers people first hand knowledge of a variety of symbols that one comes to associate with a place. This in turn generates a more enriching quality to one's experiences. Experiences in various spheres helps in understanding the forces within society and how these forces define and alter language. (Mercer, 1996) In knowing and learning a language, whether by birth or subsequent settlement, there is a certain amount of satisfaction that helps contribute to one's sense of identity. This also has certain mental implications as it shows the person's basic aptitudes, besides brining him or her face to face with the challenges of implementing the language. This makes a person draw from experiences of the past, learn from present experiences and contribute to future experiences, which will shape his or her overall life experiences. This also renders a certain amount of creative and communicative competency to a person and his or her sense of confidence with which he or she carries out interactions with people. This creates a working relationship between centrifugal and centripetal forces in society towards the definition and alteration of language. (Crystal, 2005) Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces Formal and Informal Means of Learning: Centripetal Forces Within every society there are formal and informal means of learning that support the definition and alteration of language. Let us stop for a moment and consider the word "formal". This word has been used above in the context of generating the difference between theory and practice as it may be seen from a variety of perspectives. To begin with, a person's formal education begins at school and goes on into college and higher institutions thereon. Yet, there is a strong play of "informal education" in a person's life. (Byram, 1994; Pp 15 - 31) Informal education begins in a person's life from the time he or she takes birth. Many studies and scientists believe that informal education or orientation towards one's basic belief and value system begins once a child is conceived in a mother's womb. According to numerous studies, a foetus responds to every little sound while in the mother's womb. This is but a small example of informal training. Informal education by no means stops once a child enters an educational institution. Formal education through an educational institution simply sharpens the brains and prepares it to recognise those symbols that will bring a person towards actual worthwhile learning through external experiences. No theory is complete without practice. In fact, any theory that has been propounded without practice is a failure towards imbibing competency of any kind within any individual. According to Lea, "In efforts to help inform educational theory they (philosophers) have dealt extensively with concepts like knowledge, teaching, learning, thinking, understanding, belief, justification, theory, the discipline, rationality and the likes." (Lea, 2001; Pp 16 - 37) The power of

Comparison of the Scientific Philosophies of Kuhn, Duhen and Lauden Essay

Comparison of the Scientific Philosophies of Kuhn, Duhen and Lauden - Essay Example Therefore, his philosophy will be examined first. Duhem posits that â€Å"hypotheses are not straightforwardly refuted by experiment and that there are no crucial experiments in science.† (Wikipedia, 10/19/11) This means that a hypothesis cannot be directly disproved by being part of an experiment. There are several possible reasons which support this theory. First, Duhem works on the presumption that experiments are conducted by humans, who are fallible. Therefore, the results they produce will not be perfect. This means that experiments in science are inherently flawed, which devalues the results of said experiments. Duhem would go on to set the stage for the theories of Kuhn and Lauden, because Duhem presents the idea that hypothesis, experiment, and fact are not inextricably linked. Kuhn and Lauden dig deeper to consider the reasons why. Thomas Kuhn makes the point that â€Å"science has included bodies of belief quite incompatible with the ones we hold today.† (Kuh n, 238) The premise here is that one generation’s science is another generation’s bunk. Certainly, history is full of examples of past beliefs which have fallen out of fashion with the advent of scientific knowledge and the technology which helps to uncover it. For example, scientific beliefs since the time of the Egyptians have changed irrevocably over the centuries, but Kuhn’s point is that at the time those discoveries were made, they were the newest (and therefore most valid) sources of scientific information. Kuhn further posits that what scientists and scientific historians should be concerning themselves with is to â€Å"ask new sorts of questions and to trace different, and often less than cumulative, developmental lines for the sciences. Rather than seeking the permanent contributions of an older science to our present vantage, they [should] attempt to display the historical integrity of that science in its own time.† (Kuhn, 238) By contrast, Lar ry Laudan challenges us to re-consider the entire purpose of science. He believes it is â€Å"to ask†¦whether science through time brings us closer to achieving our cognitive aims or goals.† (Laudan, 145) Does scientific knowledge bring us closer to those? Laudan presents a valuable point, which is that â€Å"principals of testing, comparison, and evaluation of theories seem to vary significantly from level to level.† (Laudan, 144) This seems to say that there are a number of variables present which cannot be reconciled from level to level or from scientist to scientist. These variables can manifest themselves as simply as the fact that all people interpret results slightly differently. Take, for example, a doctor who views a patient’s X-ray on which there is evidence of carcinoma. A general practitioner would have a different interpretation of this than would a pulmonary specialist. They both see cancer, but only the pulmonary physician can properly assess which treatments would be most appropriate in attempting to eradicate the cancer. Now, suppose the patient can only afford to see his general practitioner because that is all his insurance will pay for – he never gets to see the lung specialist, and is relying entirely on the scientific opinion of only one scientist to assess his chances of survival. This is only one example of the flaw in scientific method: suppose the pulmonary physician was more well-read on the latest techniques of eradicating lung carcinoma, and the general

ExxonMobil Oil Essay Example for Free

ExxonMobil Oil Essay As far as my knowledge of anthropology is concerned ExxonMobil Oil must have great empathy for Gwichin, which I think they have but they are not showing it properly to Gwichin. Tundra is home town or village of Gwichin and they must be scared of such activities because they are unaware of the consequences of drilling and seismic exploration, etc. There is lack of communication between ExxonMobil and Gwichin and other personnel who hold the authority to give permission to drill or explore oil. Gwichin think that ExxonMobil oil does not bother for their rights, they have to do what they want to do independent of our satisfaction. Gwichin thinks that these people have already made their minds and they don not want to listen to us. ExxonMobil Oil must send delegations to Gwichin to hold negotiations with Gwichin and make them aware about the technology and modern ways of drilling and exploration. They must tell Gwichin that although these activities are harmful to environment to some extent but modern technology has reduced this harm to minimum. In fact positive changes after drilling and production of oil will be great as compared to the negative impacts and Gwichin must be made well aware by each of those positive impacts. ExxonMobil Oil must keep in mind that it would be very difficult for Gwichin to agree to their points very quickly because Gwichins are adapted to this type of environment for several years and any sudden change to their environment and change about which Gwichin does not know completely would not be welcomed very easily. ExxonMobil Oil must show empathy which they posses for Gwichin and for that they would have to strive very hard. Gwichin must also be told that, in petroleum activities such as drilling, exploration, etc foremost importance is given to environment, health and safety. It must be told that no waste is directly exposed to the environment which harmful for the environment without treating. Gwichin must be told that there will not be any disturbance directly to the environment for a very long time. At the time of commencing of any drilling or exploration activity there will be bit of problem but later hurdles will only be in the form of pipelines and small stations, which could be designed in such a way causing minimum or no harm to the environment or to the wildlife residing in the land of tundra. ExxonMobil Oil must emphasis on the benefits rather then adversities which Gwichin will enjoy after the exploration and production of oil. Gwichin must also be included in the advisory committee of development of this field for their satisfaction and performing the activity in better way from Gwichin point of view. Gwichin must be told that although there will be bit of change but that change is beneficial for these people in great number of ways. For example if drilling, exploration or other such activity takes place then this could be an easy source of income for the Gwichin as compared to old livelihood. ExxonMobil must be determined to compel these people and must remember that if there is a will there is always a way. ExxonMobil can also use personnel from other tribe which agreed to the drilling and exploration activity in their as part of their delegations. On the other hand Gwichin must also compromise. Gwichin must listen to their proposals, in fact Gwichin must also propose a plan because these people are better aware of the environment and they can point out subtleties which others will not even know and can also point out their better remedy. ExxonMobil Oil and Gwichin both must join their heads together to make such a plan which cause minimum damage to the environment, to tundra land, to the wildlife living there and finally to the Gwichins. REFERENCES 1. Anthropology by Robert Ranulph Marett

Economic Growth Determinants And Models | Literature Review

Economic Growth Determinants And Models | Literature Review Introduction Economic growth is one of the most important fields in economics. Since sustained economic growth is the most important determinant of living standards, there is no more important issue challenging the research efforts of economists than to understand the causes of economic growth. Human capital has been identified as a key stimulus of economic growth. In fact, it can never be overemphasized that human capital is the engine of growth of an economy. No nation can develop beyond its investment in education in particular. Growth economists in affirmation have explained that the differences in the per capita income of countries cannot be explained in isolation from the differences in human capital development. Health and education are both components of human capital and contributors of human welfare. Numerous economists research their relevance in the economic growth and tried to incorporate human capital in the growth model. While some researchers take a Keynesian route and stress on the demand factors, other researchers follow the neoclassical route and emphasis the role of factor supplies in growth. Human Capital in the form of education It is equally important to effectively and efficiently measure the human capital with the perceiving importance of human capital. Since, human capital is considered as a synonym of knowledge embedded in all levels such as an individual, an organizations and a nation, education is the primary element in the measurement of human capital. Some economists attempted to measure the stock of human capital utilizing â€Å"school enrollment rates† as a proxy of human capital. Through the study of 129 countries for a time period 1960 to 1985, Barro and Lee, 1993 concluded that female education stimulates the acquisition of human capital through children. A fact is in accordance with the findings of De Tray, 1773 and Becker and Lewis, 1973. Barro and Lee reconcile their findings with the conclusion of De Long and Summers (1992) with the belief that â€Å"perhaps the true key is to have educated women working with machines†. (Barro and Lee, 1991, p29). However, the study of Kyriacou in 1991 concluded a negative and insignificant correlation between years of schooling in labour force and future growth. One of the possible explanations for this result is the link between human capital and subsequent growth of technology was ignored. The method of using school enrollment rates is criticized as student’s effec tiveness can be recognized after participating in production activities. Nehru, Swanson, and Dubey (1993) attempted to measure relationship between human capital and studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ â€Å"accumulated years of schooling† in the employable age as educational attainment. Their approach to measure human capital is similar to that of Lau, Jairison, and Louat( 1991), Psacharopolous and Arriagada (1986,1992). The results show a positive relationship between education stock and its influence on income per capita. They also concluded that there is a high correlation between education stock and other human capital indicators and hence justify the usage of this variable as a proxy for human capital. Nevertheless, they note that there is a problem with the estimates of education stock due to repeaters and dropout rates. The weakness in the study pertains to education stock estimation as they are â€Å"based on sparse data of uneven quality†( Nehru, Swanson, and Dubey,1993, p8). Romer (1990) suggested the ratio between skilled-adults and total ad ults to measure the stock of human capital in the national economy. Another approach to measure human capital is through the returns which an individual obtains from a labour market throughout education investment. Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin (1995) defines that aggregate human capital is the sum of quality adjustment of each individual’s labor force, and presents the stock of human capital utilizing an individual’s income. Their belief was that the â€Å"quality of a person would be related to the wage rate he receives in the marketplace†( Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin, 1995, p.2). This measure called the Labour –Income –Based is a measurement of human capital calculated through wage rate. Though this study, it was noted that the usage of average years of schooling as a measurement could be misleading since economists could interpret the increase in income in 1980s independent of human capital accumulation due to the dispersion of average years of schooling. Human capital in the form of Health A large body of literature has established that investment in education pay off in the form of higher future earnings. However, the demerit of the conventional measurement of the human capital is the disregard to qualitative benefits of human capital such as health, fertility rate, child mortality. Given the importance of â€Å"health capital† for education and earnings (Grossman, 2000; Case, Fertig, and Paxson, 2005; Currie and Madrian, 1999; Smith, 1999), it is possible that poor health has an impact on education and hence on economic status. Many health shocks can affect human capital and productivity, both in the short-run (Strauss and Thomas, 1998; Currie and Stabile, 2006) and the long-run (Cunha and Heckman, 2007; Currie and Hyson, 1999)( Joshua Graff Zivin and Matthew Neidell, 2013). The World Health Organization’s Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2001) claims the following. â€Å"Improving the health and longevity of the poor is an end in itself, a fun damental goal of economic development. But it is also a means to achieving the other development goals relating to poverty reduction. The linkages of health to poverty reduction and long-term economic growth are powerful, much stronger than is generally understood.† Despite the importance of health capital, the empirical literature of the effects of health on economic growth is relatively thin. Recent experimental or quasi-experimental studies, such as Thomas and Frankeberg (2002) and Thomas et al. (2003) have found that specific health sector interventions help recipients raise earnings significantly, and general indicators of health and nutrition status are significant predictors of economic success. At macroeconomic level, several researches support the positive contribution of health on economic growth. Barro (1996b), Bloom and Canning (2003), Bloom, Canning, and Sevilla (2004) and Gyimah-Brempong and Wilson (2004) find that health capital indicators have desirable influence on aggregate output. For the countries in their sample, about one-fourth of economic growth was attributable to improvements in health capital, and improvements in health conditions equivalent to one more year of life expectancy are associated with higher growth of up to 4 percentage points per year. The following table summarises the finding of macroeconomic studies with health. Source: J. Hartwig / Journal of Macroeconomics 32 (2010) 314–325 According to Weil (2007, p. 1295 and 2005, pp. 153–161), health’s positive effect on GDP is strongest among poor countries. The existing evidence on whether health capital formation has an impact on economic growth gives a mixed response. Some papers such as Heshmati (2001), Rivera and Currais (1999a, 1999b, 2003, 2004) accept the significance of health capital formation for economic growth in OECD countries. However, Knowles and Owen (1995, 1997) as well as McDonald and Roberts (2002) reject the hypothesis that life expectancy is a statistically significant explanatory variable for productivity growth in high income countries. IN fact, Bhargava et al. (2001) and Acemoglu and Johnson (2007) estimated a negative effect of adult survival rate on economic growth for US, France and Switzerland. Some studies have associated fertility rate and child mortality with human capital. The best known study between population growth and development is Kuznets (1967). His study found a positive correlation between growth rates of population and income per capita within broad country groupings, which he interpreted as evidence of a lack of a negative causal effect of population growth on income growth. However, Kelley (1988) found no correlation between population growth and growth of income per capita, and similarly no relationship between population growth and saving rates. Summarizing many other studies, he concluded that the evidence documenting a negative effect of population growth on economic development was weak or nonexistent. Becker et al. (1990) associated endogenous fertility and a rising rate of return on human capital as the stock of human capital increases. Their analysis discusses the importance of investment of human capital and the impact of family sizes and birth rates. They concluded that â€Å"societies with limited human capital choose large families and invest little in each member; those with abundant human capital do the opposite † ( Becker et al., 1990, p.35). Weil et al.(2012) found that a reduction in fertility rate will increase GDP per capita income by an economically significant amount. This result is similar to the findings of Bloom and Canning (2008) who have regressed the growth rate of income per capita on the growth rate of the working-age fraction of the population, and have gotten a positive and significant coefficient. The high growth of working age fraction is the result of fertility reductions; it can be seen as showing the economic benefits of reduced fertility. Growth Models Being one of the most important determinants of living standards, economic growth is among the most important issue challenging the research efforts of economists. Many adopted the neoclassical growth approach to study economic growth. The neoclassical growth model emphasizes the role of factor supplies in growth as it seeks to undermine the long-run economic growth rate determinant through the accumulation of factor inputs such as physical capital and labour. Over time, human capital was introduced in the growth model. The concept of capital in the neoclassical model has been broadened from physical goods to include human capital in the form of education, training and experience. In the early 1960s, Schultz initiated the human capital revolution in economic thought. He claimed that â€Å"This knowledge and skill are in great part the product of investment and, combined with other human investment, predominantly account for the productive superiority of the technically advanced countries. To omit them in studying economic growth is like trying to explain Soviet ideology without Marx.†(Schultz, 1961, p.3). Exogenous growth model In general, there are two basic frameworks that seek to understand the relationship between human capital and economic growth. The first approach is through the exogenous growth model adopted by Nelson and Phelps (1966). The exogenous growth model has its origin form the Solow growth model. The crux of this model is the aggregate production function written in the general form: Y = F (A, K, L), Where output is explained as being a function of technology, A in addition to capital (K) and labour (L). In 1957, after a study of 40 years of growth, Robert Solow concluded that â€Å"it is possible to argue that about one-eighth of the total increase is traceable to increased capital per man hour, and the remaining seven-eighths to technical change† (Solow 1957, p316). The Solow growth model assumes a constant growth rate of productivity, g Y = A0 egt KÃŽ ± L1-ÃŽ ±. This implies that the growth in income in income is determined by productivity growth, g and growth of capital per worker. However, Solow left technological progress unspecified. Moreover, the model assumption of market competitiveness, constant returns to scale lead to further study of the model. In his seminal paper, Nelson and Phelps (1966) related how level of human capital stock is an indirect determinant of economic growth. They concluded that â€Å"the usual, straightforward insertion of some index of educational attainment in the production function may constitute a gross misspecification of the relation between education and the dynamics of production.† (Nelson and Phelps, 1966, p.75) They believe that stock of human capital determines the economic capacity of a nation to innovate, which in turn lead to economic growth. Education and training facilitate the implementation and usage of new techniques makes an economy technologically progressive and more productive. Henceforth, incentives to innovate and market structures necessary for research and development have become important in theories for growth. The Schumpeterian growth literature revived this doctrine. The Schumpeterian theory explains that â€Å"current innovators exert positive knowledge spillovers on subsequent innovators as in other innovation-based models, but where current innovators also drive out previous technologies-, generates predictions and explains facts about the growth process that could not be accounted for by other theories.†(Aghion et al, 2013, p.35) The empirical literature on technical diffusion has been growing. The role of human capital in facilitating technological is supported by Welch (1975), Bartel and Lichtenberg (1987) and Foster and Rosenzweig (1995). The significant spill-overs are documented by the survey of Griliches (1992). Benhabib and Spiegel (1994), using cross-country data, investigate the Nelson-Phelps hypothesis and conclude that technology spillovers flow from leaders to followers, and that the rate of the flow depends on levels of education. As a matter of fact, a great deal of study seeks to analyse the relationship between level of education and technological diffusion and this affects economic growth. Some examples will be Islam (1995), Temple (1999), Krueger and Lindahl (2001), Pritchett, Klenow and Rodriguez-Clare (1997), Hall and Jones (1999), Bils and Klenow (2000), Duffy and Papageorgiou (2000), and Hanushek and Kimko (2000). (Jess Benhabib and Mark M. Spiegel, 2002) Endogenous growth model The second approach is the endogenous growth model inspired by Gary Becker’s human capital theory (1964) which directly links human capital to economic growth. The basic idea behind Becker’s view is that growth is driven by human capital accumulation. Nobel laureate Robert Lucas presented an endogenous growth model in which the engine of growth is the human capital. He added â€Å"what Schultz (1963) and Becker (1964) call human capital to the model, doing so in a way that is very close technically lo similarly motivated models of Arrow (1962), Uzawa (1965)and Romer (1986)† ( Lucas, 1988. p.17). He assumed that individuals choose to allocate time to current production or schooling based on increases in productivity and wages in the future due to the current investment of time in education. Lucas model can be summarized in Y = Kß(UH)1-ß, Where H represents the current human capital stock of the individual and U is the fraction of time allocated to current production and K is the per capita stock of physical capital. Human capital growth model Over time, with numerous studies on human capital, different variables were included in the growth equation as a measurement of human capital. Drawing upon Mankiw et al. (1992), Barro (1996a, 1996b), Bassanini and Scarpetta (2001), Bloom et al. (2004) and Gyimah-Brempong and Wilson (2004), the following growth equation was modelled in the Baldacci, Clements, Gupta and Cui (2008) paper on Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries. The growth equation is based on the framework of neoclassical growth augmented by the inclusion of education capital, ed, health capital, he, investment ratio, sk and denotes the set of macro and institutional control variable such as the fiscal balance, inflation rate, trade openness, and governance that augment the baseline specification of the model. Moreover, it is assumed that there is a relationship between the initial stock and increment in human capital with per capita GDP growth, g. The baseline growth model was as follows: Where git is real capita per income growth, 1i and 1t denote the country-specific effect and period-specific effect, respectively, Ln (yit-1) is the lagged logarithm of per capita income to control for the expected reduction in growth rates as per capita incomes rise and there is convergence to steady growth rates; Skit denotes the investment ratio, Edit refers to the stock of education capital, which is proxy by the sum of the gross primary and secondary enrollment rate, Ed refers to changes in education capital, Heit refers to the stock of health capital, and he refers to changes in health capital, mit consists of control variables and uit is the error term.   Ã‚   Japanese in Brazil: Asian-zing Brazil Japanese in Brazil: Asian-zing Brazil Wendy Do   As a country of a very diverse population, Brazil has experienced the influx of a variety of races and ethnicities throughout the course of history. As a result, Brazil continues to experience extreme cultural syncretism and assimilation. Nearing the end of the nineteenth century, the world saw Brazil as a country with a high degree of miscegenation (Schwarcz 3); immigration is one of the major cause for this. From the discovery of Brazil in the 16th century to its colonization by Pedro Alvares Cabral and onward, Brazil has been a country of immigrants. One country in particular, Japan, started emigration to Brazil in the early 20th century. Most people would not expect Brazil to contain the largest Japanese immigration population. My thesis is that: Japanese immigrations initially sought relief from the Meiji Restoration and chose Brazil due to their increasing demand for laborers, but over time established a huge community which to their settlement. In this essay, I will discuss th e initial reason for the Japaneses immigration to Brazil, the impacts of these migrants, and the reaction of the Brazilians and Japanese to the migrants. This will demonstrate the impact of an Asian immigration society in Brazil and how it contributed to the diverse population due to racial formation. Before the Portuguese settled in Brazil, the majority of the population was of indigenous groups. As described in detail in Schwartzs work, when the Portuguese first arrived, they encountered various Indian groups and made an agreement where they decided that they needed to civilize the indigenous (Graham, W1D2). While the two groups of the Jesuits and the Portuguese settlers disagreed in ways to civilize the indigenous, they both believed in slavery. As indigenous groups were forced into slavery, they faced many risks including, overcrowding in their communities called aldeais and diseases that killed them at alarming rates (Graham, W1D2). Before the Portuguese arrived, the population of Indians capped around five million but by the 1950s, the population decreased to one hundred twenty thousand (Graham, W1D2). This not only led the devastation of the ingenious population, but increased the demand for labor. This trend would later contribute to the Japanese immigration to Brazil. How ever, before the Japanese, the substitution of indigenous slavery with African slave labor made its way. Brazil had a slave economy where one product dominated Brazils export for most of the slave period from 1550-1888 (Graham, W2D2). This began with the Donatorio Captaincies which were awarded by the crown in Portugal in order to protect interests in Brazil. The awards gave the Portuguese courtiers and soldiers, who bore the title of captain, to have the right of taxation, justice, administration, and the privileges to promote settlement and economic development (Schwartz 13) in Brazil. This marked the beginning of the Portuguese settlement which would evolve into plantations. The Coffee Cycle, is the period we will be focusing on, which took place from the 1830s to the 20th century. Coffee was expanding and slavery was abolished in the 1880s (Graham, W2D2) which led to a need for laborers. According to Schwarcz, from the beginning of the coffee plantations, the owners have contracted with workers in their home countries and engaging in acts such as loaning them money for travel costs, housing, or other expenses (8). With this being said, it can be noted that the Japanese were viewed more as an indentured servant, but eventually grew in status and recognition. The previous events mentioned have contributed to the diverse population in Brazil through: the indigenous already living there, the settlement of the Portuguese, the African slavery, and immigration from other countries. Many intellectuals, politicians, and cultural and economic leaders saw [] immigration as improving an imperfect nation that has been tainted by the history of Portuguese colonialism and African slavery (Lesser, 2013, 2). With the end of slavery, planters have encouraged their state and federal government to seek Europeans in order to replace their slaves in the massive coffee economy. By 1888, thousands of immigrants poured into Sao Paul (the largest group being the Italians); however, these white immigrants believed the elites of Brazil had created a system that gave them an inability to move out of low status. This created immigrant-led protests against labor and social conditions and the deportation of Italian for anarchism (Lesser, 1999, 82), so Brazil sought fo r a more submissive group. Japanese diplomat, Sho Nemoto mentioned in a later signed treaty that Brazil would be a country where Japanese immigrants could be perfectly settled and we could improve our standard of living, buy property, educate our children, and live happily' (Lesser, 1999, 82). Correlating with the Meiji governments interest in emigration of Japan, this seemed like the perfect option for the Japanese to immigrate to Brazil. The reasons for Japaneses immigration are laid out as: Brazilians needed more labor due to the abolishment of slavery, Japans Meiji government created a period of modernization where peasants become hungry and restless; the encouraged emigration in Japan, and the establishment of colonies by previous Japanese. The first reason why the Japanese migrated to Brazil was because Brazil was seeking a new labor group to fill in as laborers. They saw Japanese immigrants as a ready solution from their previous disappointment with the European replacements; in addition, this could also help foster a relationship between Japan and Brazil in relation to trading. The first Brazil-Japanese treaty was then signed in 1895, where Brazil would see a rapid increase in Japanese labor (Lesser 84). In addition between 1908 and 1941, about one-hundred ninety thousand Japanese immigrants would settle in Brazil (Lesser, 1999, 83). A ship containing the first 781 members of the newly founded Japanese community called the Kasato-Maru arrived after its fifty-one day journey from Japan in June 1908 (Lesser, 2012, 153). The results of the Japanese led the Brazilian government to later promote immigration to other Asian countries, such as China. The Japanese were described as an intelligent and energetic force and this people is amazing us with their power to assimilate everything from European civilization in letters, in science, in art, in industry and even in political institutions (Lesser, 1999, 83). The expectations of the Japanese to the Brazilians were very low, but what the Japanese contributed to this society made them realize that they were definitely not inferior. The second reason for Japanese migration was due to their expectations of Brazil. The Japanese workers felt tricked due to the belief that they would become rich. In turned, similar to previous immigrants, the Japanese revolted against the Brazilian elites. Some of them fled to Argentina, where the salary was higher; or other urban areas such as Minas-Gerais, Parana, and Sao Paulo (Lesser, 2012, 155). One Japanese boy, Riukiti Yamashiro summarized his experience in Brazil as the following: It was a lie when they said Brazil was good the emigration company lied (Lesser, 2012, 156). Japanese propaganda had led the Japanese to believe that Brazil would rich in five years and that they would be able to return home wealthy. However, this was just a proportion of the feelings that Japanese had of Brazil. The Japanese also faced a problem from their home country due to the modernization and industrialization of the Meiji period from 1868 to 1912 (Carvalho 3). Japanese sought escape from poverty, overpopulation, heavy taxes and numerous socioeconomic problems. While some Japanese immigrated to Manchuria or Korea, other fled to Australia or Hawaii. Emigration that was prohibited during the Tokugawa period (1603 1867) was solved when Japan faced these economic problems. The Japanese government gave permission to emigration companies to recruit emigrants, Brazil being the primary destination as immigrants faced strong resistance from other countries (Carvalho 4). The first group of immigrants was a failure because the Japanese rebelled against the emigration companies and deserted the population due to poor treatment and no form of payment. In addition, most had no experience in farming. However, all hope was not lost for the Japanese in Brazilians, because the Japanese would continue to enter the country for the next fifty years (Carvalho 7). The third reason was that Japanese were able to create a community within Brazil. In order to create solutions to the land and labor problems, law were established which required immigrants to come as family units (Carvalho 7) and Japanese-run colonies were allowed to be established. In addition, the Japanese did hold a more powerful protector regime than other immigrants since they were able to establish regular school schedules for children and allow adults to participate in various every day activities such as gymnastics and moral boosting (Lesser 2012 156). Schooling allowed children of the immigrants to move up into more dominant positions in Brazilian societies. In addition, foreign government-sponsored colonies allowed Japanese to be relived from the worry of landowners which allowed them to focus on settlement. This discouraged them from returning to Japan and encouraging more emigration as the success in Brazil news spread back to their home country (Lesser, 2012, 157). There were many opportunities for the Japanese to assimilate into Brazilian culture. Most Japanese arrived at a time where the acquisition of land was easy, allowing them to produce new crops such as cotton, rice and potatoes (Carvalho 8). The social structure of Japanese communities mirrored those of traditional Japanese communities where the social order also followed traditional Japanese patterns. If a Japanese were to disturb the social order, they would be [ostracized] (Carvalho 10). The Japaneses primary goal was to accumulate as much capital as possible in order to return to their country of origin, so they worked hard and saved; however, the years they spend on Brazilian soil allowed them to bring their traditions and customs. This included their practices of incense money, gosembetsu (farewell gifts), and emphasis on social relationships between children and parent and society in addition to holidays as well (Carvalho 11). Their economic and cultural success allowed them to negotiate a position in the Brazilian society to the extent where Brazilian Indians and Japanese immigrants were of the same biological stock (Lesser, 2012, 160). Japanese immigration has contributed a great deal to Brazils national identity. The Meiji era created changes in the economic structure of Japan which led to relief through emigration. At the same time, Brazilians believed that Japanese immigrations would solve the problem of rural work, yet the same result due to poor treatment led to the revolt. However, the difference of the Japanese lied in the fact that they were able to form their own communities. This led to the population being able to culturally sustain themselves in Brazil. Currently, about 1.5 million Brazilians claim Japanese descent (Lesser, 1999, 174). The Japanese migration highlights the differences in immigration to Brazil. The Japanese and their descendants are among some of the best Brazilians and the cultural attitude they developed has allowed them to move into the upper-class of society. Today, Japanese-Brazilians can be found amongst every area of Brazilian society, from politics to economy to arts and industry (Lesser, 1999, 174). Even so, the pattern of emigration and immigration differ according to the economy of Brazil. For most of the last two hundred years, Brazil has been a destination for immigration (Lesser, 1999, 190). However, even with an improved economy, Brazil has been faced with the problem of emigration rather than immigration. A statistic from 2010 shows that about four million Brazilians live abroad which means the population is slowly decreasing. Many Japanese are involved in a phenomenon called dekasegui which means working away from home which is used to those who are descendants of Japanese who migrated to Japan (Lesser,2012, 191). With the amendment to Japans Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Law in 1990, the Japanese were allows to have work visas up to the generation (Lesser, 2012, 191). This trend fluctuated for various years, for example, when Brazils economy grew strong in the 2000s and the Japanese economy weakened, the migratory trends reversed. As opposed to in the 19th century, Brazilian-Japanese immigrants believed they were temporarily migrating to Brazil to become wealthy (Lesser, 1999, 192). In conclusion, Brazil has and still is a country of immigration. Despite traditional views of Brazil as a country of mestizo and African slavery, the Japanese population outside of Japan is highest in Brazil. I chose to write this essay on the reason for Japanese immigration to Brazil because Asian immigration is typically viewed as the Chinese immigration to America in the 1800s. However, the Japanese is not a country that is really talked about. This relates to the course theme of the Racial Formation of Brazil because it discusses the reasons for the Japanese immigration and how it contributed to Brazils diverse population. Initially, the Japanese immigrations initially sought relief from the Meiji Restoration which paralleled the Brazilian need for laborers. However, the Japanese were allowed to create a settlement and community which in turned allowed for the mass emigration from Japan to Brazil. This contributed to the existing community today and despite reverse changes, Brazi l is able to add onto its extremely diverse and vast culture. Works Cited Carvalho, Daniela De. Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin. 1st ed. Place of Publication Not Identified: Routledge, 2015. Print. Graham, Jessica. Arrival of Enslaved Africans. HILA 121A W1D2. Warren Lecture Hall, Rm. 2115, La Jolla. 19 Jan. 2017. Lecture. Graham, Jessica. History of Brazilian Indios. HILA 121A W2D2. Warren Lecture Hall, Rm. 2115, La Jolla. 12 Jan. 2017. Lecture. Lesser, Jeffrey. Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013. Print. Lesser, Jeffrey. Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil. (1999): Pp. 13-39 (Chapter Two); Pp. 81-94 (part of Chapter Four); Pp. 147-57 (Chapter Six).+. Duke University Press. Web. 21 Mar. 2017. Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. Introduction. The Spectacle of the Races: Scientists, Institutions and the Race Question in Brazil, 1870-1930. New York: Hill and Wang, 1999. 3-20. Print. Schwartz, Stuart. Early Brazil: A Documentary Collection to 1700. (2010): 117-40. TED. Cambridge University Press. Web. 21 Mar. 2017.